France’s extended producer responsibility (EPR) program, launched over three decades ago, has been a cornerstone of the country’s waste management strategy. The program shifts the environmental burden of packaging waste from taxpayers to producers, requiring them to fund and manage the entire lifecycle of packaging.
Key Features of the EPR Program
- Financial Contributions: Companies that produce or sell packaged products must contribute financially to the collection, sorting, recycling, and reduction of packaging waste.
- Significant Results: Producer responsibility organizations (PROs), such as Citeo – one of France’s largest PROs – have collected €1.6 billion in 2023 for recycling infrastructure, eco-design initiatives, and public awareness campaigns.
Insights from Citeo’s CEO
Citeo CEO Jean Hornain emphasizes the importance of building a circular economy where packaging materials are used more efficiently. He stated, “We aim to create a system where materials are used once and then reused or recycled.”
Economic Impact
- Cost Increases: The EPR program may result in small cost increases – roughly one or two euro cents per item.
- Long-term Savings: According to Hornain, the long-term environmental and economic savings outweigh these costs.
- Political Resilience: Unlike tax-based schemes, which can be subject to political changes, this collaborative structure has remained politically resilient due largely to its direct reinvestment into local recycling systems.
Shared Responsibility
This approach fosters shared responsibility among businesses, municipalities, and citizens by:
- Reinvesting fees directly into local recycling systems rather than diverting them into general government revenue streams.
- Creating a stable funding mechanism for waste management.
- Making it easier for consumers and companies to pursue sustainable options.
Criticisms and Challenges
While there may be some inefficiencies within this system, critics argue:
- It can lead to higher prices for consumers.
- It may create perverse incentives by encouraging companies to use more plastic to charge more fees under EPR programs.
Despite these criticisms, the core principle of the EPR program remains unchallenged, largely due to broad political support from across Europe’s left-right spectrum.
Global Influence
Many countries have followed France’s lead in adopting similar EPR models, including:
- Europe: Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Greece, and more.
- Beyond Europe: Countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and various nations in Latin America and the Caribbean have also implemented similar systems.
Alternative Models
Not all countries have adopted similar EPR models. Some have opted for tax-based schemes, including:
- Countries with Tax-based Schemes: Australia, Canada, and several European nations like Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
In conclusion, France’s EPR program serves as a model for effective waste management and environmental responsibility, demonstrating the potential for collaborative approaches to address packaging waste on a global scale.

I’m Mark W. Lamplugh Jr., a visionary Chief Executive Officer, Board Member, and best-selling Author with over 25 years of experience driving significant revenue growth and optimizing ROI across the healthcare, wellness, and media industries. Throughout my career, I’ve consistently transformed underperforming operations into thriving ventures by building top-tier marketing organizations, implementing data-driven strategies, and leading transformational change. My empathetic, collaborative, and adaptable leadership style has allowed me to cultivate inclusive cultures of innovation, develop and retain top talent, and forge strong partnerships that fuel organizational success.
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